This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Hangzhou, Hangzhou China - Official site of Hangzhou, Hangzhou - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Shen Kuo (10311095) was one of the most important Song scientists. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The Song had more land under cultivation than in the geographically much larger and more populous later Ming (13681644) and Qing (16441912) empires. Advanced waterworks: Major irrigation projects and canal building projects using advanced engineering techniques improved agriculture, transportation, food distribution and trade. Their high level of education helped them formulate beneficial trade policies with other countries and introduce revolutionary new weapons such as rockets and mortars that proved effective in warfare. . Hangzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone approved. Use Ask Statista Research Service. Population: 784,000. Updates? The varieties of gunpowder and gunpowder products were very important inventions. 2023/2024, Top 10 Learn more about how Statista can support your business. The saying "my enemy's enemy is my friend" is often wrong. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. On the Population HUB website you can find out the number of people in any of the regions of the Earth. 2. Cities in Albania starting with the letter D, Cities in Australia starting with the letter G, Cities in Kuwait starting with the letter W. Mass circulating books and periodicals became common for the first time in any country, and average people and even farmers enjoyed reading fictional novels. A Shanghai-Ningbo expressway via Hangzhou was completed in the 1990s, and a Nanjing-Hangzhou expressway opened in the early 21st century. United Nations - World Population Prospects, Hangzhou, China Metro Area Population 1950-2023, The current metro area population of Hangzhou in 2023 is, The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2022 was, The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2021 was, The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2020 was. These nine books were compiled, standardized, and compiled during the Song era. Though vastly outnumbered, the Mongols won! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1. Since 1949 Hangzhou, though it has been carefully preserved as a scenic district and tourist attraction, has also developed into an industrial centre. Backed by the new drivers of the information economy, Hangzhou enjoys an edge in the digital economy industries, including e-commerce, cloud computing and big data, information security, artificial intelligence and blockchain, which will potentially further increase the city's influence and attract more talent. He was well aware of the scientific progress made by his contemporaries and able to describe it well. In 1206, Temjin, an orphan and a former slave, united the many feuding clans which occupied the steppes to the north of China and took the title "Genghis Khan." Once this feat was accomplished he turned to military conquests abroad. All rights reserved. Average wages per month among full-time workers Japan 2012-2021, Number of foreign nationals Japan 2012-2021, Mean age of marriage Japan 1955-2020, by gender. Hangzhou Urban Area Population History. [15] 1977 - Zhang Zishi becomes mayor. For the urban elite, food was plentiful. Captives and captured land were mutually exchanged. It is found that centripetal movements of population in Hangzhou dominated in the 1960s and 1970s, while centrifugal . Movable type printing was one of the most important technologies of world history. That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities c. When Emperor Taizu began reigning over empire in 960, the Liao Empire in the northeast was a military threat. The country's top ten most populous cities are Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan and Harbin. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Discover the hidden gems. A member of the emperor's clan evaded capture, and he became the first emperor of the Southern Song with the imperial name Gaozong. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. of China with those looking for a more authentic travel experience. Because the geographical area was relatively small, the population density of the Southern Song Empire was the highest in the world for a comparably sized empire up to that time. For example, the four largest operatic drama theaters in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand people each. They used blasting powder for mining and other peaceful uses as well. But the Song invention did not affect their culture much. The Grand Canal, originating in Beijing, is extended to Hangzhou, thus linking the city to the most profitable trading route in China. The Mongol army that was sent to invade them was far bigger than the ones sent to attack the Middle East, Russia, Europe or any other region, but the Mongols had quickly conquered all the other countries and empires. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Chinese dynasty that greatly increased transportation by building a series of canals to link the three major rivers of China After fighting the Mongols for about 20 years, after the Mongols conquered Hangzhou in 1279, the remaining Song court and their supporters took to a fleet of ships to escape the Mongols. Please check your download folder. Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province, is one of the largest cities in east coastal areas of China. . We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your image export is now complete. Notable are Xi Lake, nestled in hills, and, on a slope northwest of the lake, Lingyan Temple, considered one of the most famous Buddhist temples in China. The Song court, stymied in the northwest, next wanted to expand south to annex the Viet territory. They defeated Jin attacks partly because they had a better navy. Britannica Quiz Where on Earth is That? Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province and home to Alibaba Group, recorded an estimated population of almost 10 million by the end of 2018, according to a metro newspaper owned by Hangzhou Daily Press Group. Your tour will be tailor-made by your personal travel advisor a destination The location was excellent with a maritime port for seagoing vessels and astride the Grand Canal and internal waterways. On the 13 story Iron Pagoda for example, the eaves on the outside of the brick core were made by using suitably designed dougong ( dugng), a suitably loose joint system fitted for that particular structure, so that the building can ride out massive earthquakes with little or no damage. Hangzhou Export Processing Zone approved. The city's population reached 9.47m, up by 3.05% YoY, and with an urban population of 7.27m. The population couldn't grow. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." - Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. The Song ships were chained together, and this made them easy targets. Description of Hangzhou, 1235: Various businesses are designated by the word 'company' . To fit these joint systems correctly, the Song architects and carpenters had to gauge the likely hazards and stresses the building was going to be face. Tours, Yangtze These were: The Neo-Confucian doctrines were highly influential among rulers in China and several East Asian countries. Innovation and personal freedom was stifled in later eras. 1998-2023 China Highlights Discovery Your Way! Like the Leaning Tower of Pisa, this tower leans slightly. 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The level of their technology would not allow it, and various wars, famines, and disasters kept killing off the population. Arts and theater thrived. . With these strengths, the new empire quickly started flourishing by prioritizing maritime trade and building a powerful navy. According to a Hangzhou Municipal Statistics Bureau report, the city's population has grown rapidly over the past four years, up by 338,000 from 2017 to more than 9.8 million people by the end of 2018, a 3.57 percent increase. In 1861, during the Taiping Rebellion (185064), the city fell to the rebels and suffered severe damage. For about 150 years, the result of the Song wars was stalemate. Over the millennium, it has withstood 38 earthquakes, 6 major floods (one of which destroyed an adjacent ancient temple complex), and many disasters and wars. The court also desired the territory of the Western Xia in the northwest. The best surviving example of monumental scale Song construction is the Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng. River Cruise, Chinese The new drought resistant rice from southeast Asia could grow at higher elevations and further north than the native rice. Zhejiang University (1897) is among the largest and most prestigious institutions in China; its size was expanded considerably in 1998 when it was reconstituted after amalgamating with the former Zhejiang Agricultural University (1910) and Hangzhou University (1952). If you use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. The West Lake itself is a nice way to ground yourself in the history of the city with its beautiful views and scenic walks. 100% payment refund prior to 3 weeks before departure (. Song cities,centers of government and commerce, were among the largest cities of the world. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. In the year 1234, the Song army joined the Mongol army in attacking the Jin Empire that had been fending off the Mongols for more than two decades. Song merchant ships sailed as far westwards as India and Arabia. Manage Settings The Song used varieties of gunpowder in rockets including multistage rockets, guns, cannons, chemical warfare weapons, and bombs. However, the Southern Song Empire experienced wealth and advancement never before seen in history. To pass the examination, almost all bureaucrats needed to learn by heart the Four Books of the Neo-Confucian Classics. The government of Hangzhou, a tech hub in east China . But during the preceding Tang era and before, the Han people mainly ate wheat and millet as their staple grains. Emperor Taizu began reigning over in the year 960. Hangzhou is one of 137 cities in China and ranks 13 in the China population. The Song rulers retained their domains south of the Huai River and Yangtze along with most of the population. It has water communications with the interior of Zhejiang to the south, is the southern terminus of the Grand Canal, and is linked to the network of canals and waterways that cover the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) delta area to the north. The government built an advanced large navy to protect the merchant shipping. Or take a walk down Qinghefang Historic Street. (May 16, 2018). In, UN DESA. Higher class and richer people began binding the feet of girls. With increased growth since the late 20th century, the city has spread to the southern bank of the Qiantang River in recent years, and its metropolitan area includes the city of Xiaoshan to the southeast. Statista. The arts and theater grew increasingly learned and refined. China: population of Hangzhou from 1980 to 2035. They controlled navigation on the wide Yangtze River so it was their defensive boundary. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. After a short period of invasion and infighting among rivals, the remnants of the empire arose again south of the Yangtze. a. The Chinese now like to call Hangzhou a "Paradise on Earth". The Tangut people had a large kingdom called Western Xia (10381227) in the northwest that controlled access to the strategic Gansu land corridor, a huge long valley, that permitted travel and trade on the Silk Road. Silk and porcelain were the two most valuable exports. The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2021 was 7,846,000, a 2.67% increase from 2020. The document excerpted below, by an unknown author, describes the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou a city of between seven and eight their way. Continue with Recommended Cookies. There was a giant naval battle involving 200,000 people on a fleet of 1,000 ships against 20,000 Mongol troops on only 50 ships! A centre of commerce, it was visited in the late 13th century by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who called it Kinsai, or Quinsay; it then had an estimated population of 1 million to 1.5 million. [CDATA[ In the year 960, a general named Zhao Kuangyin of one of the 8 kingdoms, Northern Zhou, rebelled against his own king and the court officials and established a new dynasty the Song. During the Ten Kingdoms (Shiguo) period (907960), Hangzhou was the capital of the state of Wu-Yue. Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? After about two decades more of warfare against the Mongols, the Song capital was taken in 1279, and the Song Dynasty era was ended. Dougong and other wooden architecture techniques were the Song Empires' major architectural innovation for erecting massive wooden structures in the earthquake-prone region, and their techniques were adopted throughout East Asia. 1993 - Hangzhou Economic & Technological Development Zone approved. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. a. -1, Xi Story: Preserving the beauty of West Lake, Hangzhou summit sees nation moving to common prosperity, Viewing the city at one meter: Hangzhou steps up child-friendly city construction, Hangzhou Asian Games keeps sportsmanship alive, Official English Website of Zhejiang Province. The permanent population of Hangzhou has reached 12.204 million with a birth rate of 7.6, a death rate of 4.7, an urbanization rate of 83.6%, and an average age of 38. and Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These academies successfully nurtured world-leading scientists and officials who excelled in literature, arts, and sciences. Omissions? Scientific Academies: He created academies that allowed a great deal of freedom of thought and discussion. The Southern Song Empire (1127-1279) had its capital at Hangzhou, was mainly south of the Yangtze, and flourished substantially both economically and in population growth. Tours, Family Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [Online]. The Tangut people had been a part of the Tang Empire, but they formed a large kingdom of their own when the Tang Empire disintegrated. Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. In addition to thermal electric-generating plants, the city is connected via the regional power grid to the large Xinan River hydroelectric project to the southwest and to Shanghai and Nanjing. Based on imperial census counts taken during the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC9 AD) and the Tang Dynasty (618907), it is thought that the population of both of the those empires was about 50 million or 60 million. //]]> Then, a leading scientist and scientific writer named Shen Kuo (1031-1095) who wrote a then leading-edge scientific book called The Dream Pool Essays undertook to lead an army against them. Han people thought that the stunted feet made the women more beautiful. If you use our chart images on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. Population of Fuyang. Overall, over the course of 300 years, the Northern and Southern eras of the Song Empire were prosperous. As of the end of 2021, Hangzhou's permanent resident population was 12.204 million, up from 11.936 million at the end of 2020. Accessible information on the population of any region, fast work of the site and constant updating of information are the basis of our resource. They captured the emperor and much of the ruling clan in 1129. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." - (Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E.) Chart. The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty or the Mongol invasion of China beginning under gedei Khan (r. 1229 - 1241) and completed under Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294) was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of continental East Asia under the Yuan dynasty (a division of the Mongol Empire).It is considered the Mongol Empire's last great military achievement. The city population of Hangzhou is 1212800 The urban area population of Hangzhou is Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Pop. Chengdu and Hangzhou saw the Biggest Increases in Permanent Populations The population of Hangzhou in 1235 was 1.24 million. Eleven cities, including Hangzhou, Qingdao and Wenzhou, have populations of 9-10 million. Tours: Two Song-era pagodas, Iron Pagoda and Pota Pagoda, can be visited in Kaifeng along with other ancient Song architecture in Hangzhou such as the Liuhe Pagoda in Hangzhou. Some of the Song hexagonal or octagonal pagodas that were built of brick and/or wood still survive. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. According to a Buddhist monk named Shu Wenying, when the Song Emperor Zhengzhong (998-1022) learned about the southern rice varieties, he sent special envoys to fetch them in. The Neo-Confucian Classics were the Four Books and Five Classics (). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Eventually, the Jin captured about 40 percent of the Northern Song Empire's territory. Gunpowder became powerful enough to make dangerous weapons. It became immensely wealthy, being at the centre of a fertile rice-growing area as well as being the site of the most important silk industries in China. So rice cultivation spread into more areas of the Song Empire. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. Internal warfare cost Hangzhou hundreds of thousands of people and whole sections of the city were destroyed. 1922 - Sisters of Charity Hospital founded. A prefecture named Hangzhou was created there in 589, during the Sui dynasty (581618), which is the source of the citys name. answer choices facilitated trade provided a nice breeze A chemical industry has also been established. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. What place does Hangzhou have in terms of population in China? Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Hangzhou, China metro area from 1950 to 2023. * 0/1 That Hangzhou had a large population They also learned to mass produce the fine porcelain. Many of the temples that you can visit today were built during this period. International trade was a very important part of their economy. They built paddle-wheel ships that were faster and more maneuverable than regular boats in the rivers. 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Enjoy your personal local guide and ride. During his 16 years of rule, he instituted important successful imperial policies and won his wars of expansion. More details can be found in our privacy policy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The farmers were wealthier and better educated than in earlier eras, and agricultural manuals helped to disseminate the best techniques for rice cultivation. It was thought that this made them more submissive and signified their family's status. China, the world's second-largest economy and one of the world's most populous countries, is trying to get its citizens to have more babies. First Taizu and then his descendants tried to address these foreign affairs issues. Hangzhou, for example, had a population of 391,000 households, compared to Rome's average population of about 35,000 households . A railway network connects Hangzhou to Shanghai and Ningbo, as well as to Xuanzhou in Anhui province (northwest) and Nanchang in Jiangxi province (southwest). Hangzhou was held by the Japanese from 1937 to 1945. Its commercial role was later augmented by the construction of a railway to Shanghai (1909), of another to Ningbo (1914), and of a main line to Jiangxi and Hunan provinces in 193638. Squeezed between two advancing armies, the last Jin emperor was defeated easily. city, 2,059,774; (2007 est.) It is 57 meters or about 186 feet in height. Subsequently, although no longer a major port, it remained a commercial centre for domestic trade and was opened to foreign trade in 1896. 1962 - Wang Zida becomes mayor. AuthorHUANG Yuxuan (Reporter) EditorWang Jian, Hangzhou Has a Permanent Population of 12.204 Million with an Average Age of 38. So in a year, instead of just one crop of rice, farmers could harvest two or even three crops per year. But during the Southern Song era, most of the people lived in the south. 1235 1235 . Copyright HangZhou.com.cn , All Rights Reserved. You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. Hangzhous architecture and gardens are renowned, and it is situated among hills and valleys in which some of the most famous monasteries in China are located. There are scheduled flights to Singapore and to Hong Kong and other major cities in China from Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport (opened 2000), 17 miles (28 km) east of the city. Take to the hills and visit some of the historical pagodas and temples. Since the opening of China in the 20th century, Hangzhou has been on the rebound. When people think of Chinese food, they usually think of rice dishes. His capital was in Kaifeng. The Song style was adopted as standard by Japanese architects. It was tedious to make so many characters, and it was often easier just to carve wooden blocks to print with. The combination of a pleasant environment alongside business growth means Hangzhou is now one of the wealthiest cities in China with an estimated 153 people worth . At the end of the Song Dynasty in 1277, the Song army used landmines against the Mongols. Then the Jurchens turned against the Song Empire and captured Kaifeng that was the Song capital city. share interesting stories, insider information, and even create unexpected He took the name Emperor Taizu (927 976), and during the next 20 years, he and his son defeated the other kingdoms and so established the Song Empire. However, unlike their influence in developing culture, religion and philosophy, many of the Song scientific advances were lost and forgotten in the later dynasties. Tang Dynasty (618-907) Hangzhou's population increases as well as its regional power, serves as the capital for the Wuyue kingdom in the late tenth century. Neighboring Tianjin saw a more significant drop of more than 136,000. Copyright 1995 - & Referral Program. Along with Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Xiamen were other huge seaport merchant cities, some of the biggest and richest in the world at the time, and great wealth flowed through them. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information [16] However, he didn't discover the compass. among rivals before the remnants of the empire arose again south of the Yangtze. During the Southern Song era, people learned how to live in several of the world's largest urban centers ever constructed until that time. Their weapons were the most advanced in the world. Here's a list of the top 10 cities with the biggest increases in permanent populations in 2021: 1. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. [56] The most recent estimates of the city's urban area population are between 6,658,000 and 6,820,000. In between, there was a short period of invasion and infighting among rivals before the remnants of the empire arose again south of the Yangtze. Increasing foreign investment and a cluster of some of China's most successful private enterprises, like New York Stock Exchange-listed Alibaba, have made Hangzhou, once again, one of the most prosperous cities in China. In doing so, the Jin had also been shielding the Song from Mongol invasion. There were conflicts with the Viets in the south. It wasn't until the beginning of the Southern Song era that scholars think that the population in the region first exceeded 100 million.