united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904

Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. 27. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. 12. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 This was not a freak event. and Germany, Leased from Panama In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. Treaty of Paris Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. independent as Kiribati Today, we are in a similar position. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). 5 0 obj Sectionalism map of the united states; 47. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Cover-title. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. (William B.) Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 16. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). 45. 41. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became commonwealth status as Federated States of That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. 39. Hi 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. Yet annexation did take place. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. - 1. 40. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. 1846. 6. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. 1848. But those familiar borders only held for four years. ed. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. 9. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. 10. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. - Shattuc, W. B. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). The Journal of American History has never printed his name. 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. 38. Oregon Territory. 28. Leadership Task 2 The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims The zip has the lab results and etc. 30. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). 15. 3. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. 11. U.S. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. 23. A self-governing state cannot accept . 24. The Greater United States is not my term. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. 203. 1853. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an Annexation of independent republic. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. W.B. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. Cover title. endobj endstream $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of An acquisition occurs when a buying company . am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. Pdf. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. 529,189. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. 29,670. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. For a very long time, in fact. state.gov. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership (New York, 2006), 179. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. David Rumsey Map Collection. 36. Pdf. United States--History, - Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. The revolt touched eight cities. % (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. The comparison is enlightening. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. Albizus long career defies easy summary. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. Also available in digital form. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. ch. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 14. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Also available in digital form. <> Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . 43. Expansion . 7. United States--Colonial question, - It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907).