The story that the young Bradman practised alone with a cricket stump and a golf ball is part of Australian folklore. Businessman Arthur Whitelaw later presented Bradman with a cheque for 1,000 in appreciation of his achievement. During their 65-year marriage, Jessie was "shrewd, reliable, selfless, and above all, uncomplicated she was the perfect foil to his concentrated, and occasionally mercurial character". The fallout led to a prison term for Hodgetts, and left a stigma attached to Bradman's name in the city's business community for many years. RS Whitington wrote, "he had scored only nineteen himself and these experiences appear to have provided him with food for thought". This record was broken in the next Test when Australia's Archie Jackson hit 164 on debut at Adelaide. His unbeaten 103 (from 146balls) in a team total of 191 helped set England a target of 251 to win. [36] In the afternoon, Bradman added another century between lunch and tea, before finishing the day on 309 not out. Nearly 850,000 spectators watched the Tests, which helped lift public spirits after the war.[128]. This was not a normal way of playing but this helped him to get 56.57 runs on average per innings in the tour. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family, to be closer to school in Bowral. University of Northern Iowa - Old Gold Yearbook (Cedar Falls, IA), Class of 1928, Page 347 of 354 | E-Yearbook.com has the largest online yearbook collection of college, university, high school, middle school, junior high school, military, naval cruise books and yearbooks. However, "he was unwell for much of the [English] summer, and reports in newspapers hinted that he was suffering from heart trouble". We will review the memorials and decide if they should be merged. Please reset your password. This browser does not support getting your location. Moving towards his social media involvement, he has not been avaliable on any social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instgaram, etc. Facing the wrist-spin of Eric Hollies, Bradman pushed forward to the second ball that he faced, was deceived by a googly, and bowled between bat and pad for a duck. Athletic and naturally talented, he even devised a game of solo cricket using a cricket stump for a bat and a golf ball. He took time out of cricket for two weeks and on his return made 192 in three hours against Victoria in the last match before the beginning of the Ashes series. Born 1900s. [6] The major controversy of his second stint was a proposed tour of Australia by South Africa in 197172. [55] Remembering that Bradman had struggled against bouncers during his 232 at The Oval in 1930, Jardine decided to combine traditional leg theory with short-pitched bowling to combat Bradman. Don scored 29 centuries in 80 Test innings, which was a rate of more than 1 century every 3 innings. His batting reached a new level in the Second Test at Lord's where he scored 254 as Australia won and levelled the series. He met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 and married her in 1932 after several years of courtship. [126] Bradman regained his finest pre-war form in making 187, followed by 234 during the Second Test at Sydney. [6] Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. He made his first-class debut at the Adelaide Oval when he was 19. nnebunit de cricket de la o vrst fraged, nu este o surpriz faptul c s-a ridicat pentru a deveni una dintre icoanele . Bradman", http://web.archive.org/web/20070901164042/http://www.bradman.org.au/html/s02_article/article_view.asp?id=246&nav_cat_id=194&nav_top_id=56, "Records Test matches Most runs in a day", "DG Bradman Test matches All-round analysis", http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/4188.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=default;runsmin1=200;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=allround, "Test matches: Most double hundreds in a series", http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282953.html, "Test matches Batting records- 300 runs in an innings", http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;runsmin1=300;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting, "Records Test matches Hundreds in consecutive matches", http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282976.html, http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283152.html, http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283177.html, http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283179.html, http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283181.html, http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283183.html, "Highest frequency of hundreds and fiver-fors", http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/296259.html, "Ali? Vernost.2019.German.1080p.BluRay.x264-LizardSquad.srt Subtitle, Vernost (2019) (1080p BluRay x265 HEVC 10bit DTS 5.1 Qman) [UTR].cyr_utf8.srt Subtitle, Vernost.2019.WEB-DL. He hated the constant adulation, however, and it affected how he dealt with others. [198] Steve Waugh described Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan as "the Don Bradman of bowling",[199] while former Australian Prime Minister John Howard was called "the Don Bradman of politics" by his Liberal Party colleague Joe Hockey. In support, the England selectors chose another three pacemen for the squad. In 1950, his memoir Farewell to Cricket was published. Bradmans record of 974 runs in a series is the most by any player in Test history and it still stands today. Post comment . Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. A gla a szoksos kt ra helyett csak egy rig tartott. Even after he became reclusive in his declining years his opinion was highly sought, and his status as a national icon was still recognisedmore than 50years after his retirement as a Test player, in 2001, the Australian Prime Minister John Howard called him the "greatest living Australian". Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! 4:58. [86] Bradman let the members of the Test team know that despite their recent success, the team still required improvement. In order to combat the batting skills of Don Bradman, English captain Douglas Jardine employed 'Bodyline' tactics. Greatest Cricketer of All Time. J. L. BELL is a Massachusetts writer who specializes in (among other things) the start of the American Revolution in and around Boston. In addition to acting as one of South Australia's delegates to the Board of Control from 1945 to 1980, Bradman was a committee member of the SACA between 1935 and 1986. Before his 22nd birthday, he had set many records for high scoring, some of which still stand, and became Australia's sporting idol at the height of the Great Depression. [74] Bradman's share of the stand was 244 from 271balls, and the Australian total of 701 set up victory by 562runs. [52] Just weeks later, Bradman joined a private team organised by Arthur Mailey to tour the United States and Canada. [178], Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family, to be closer to school in Bowral. Um filho morreu quando criana, enquanto outro ficou afetado pela . As a selector, Bradman favoured attacking, positive cricketers who entertained the paying public. [59] Recovered from his indisposition, Bradman returned to the side in Alan Kippax's position. Verify and try again. [100] He scored 103 out of a total of 242 and the gamble paid off, as it meant there was sufficient time to push for victory when an England collapse left them a target of only 107 to win. [15], Playing in only his tenth first-class match, Bradman, nicknamed "Braddles" by his teammates,[21] found his initial Test a harsh learning experience. Per Lennart Aae ( Saksamaa Rahvusdemokraatlik Partei) Frank Aaen ( Enhetslisten ), Taani Folketingi liige. During his third over, he fractured his ankle and teammates carried him from the ground. [90], The next Test, at the Adelaide Oval, was fairly even until Bradman played another patient second innings, making 212 from 395 balls. [25] It was to be the only run out of his Test career. Yes, Carolyn Jones married to Peter Bailey-Britton in 1982. The Bradmans lived in the same modest, suburban house in Kensington Park in Adelaide for all but the first three years of their married life. By the end of play, he was 205 not out, on his way to 225. His last double century (201) came at Adelaide, and he scored a century in each innings of the Melbourne Test. England still tried their new way of bowling, and won the match but the Australian team were not happy. She was a pillar of support to him and the couple complemented each other perfectly in their 65-year long marriage. The journalist Ray Robinson called the victory "the 'finest ever' in its conquest of seemingly insuperable odds". His estimated net worth is around $1.5 million US dollars. Bradman reached 58 in the second innings and appeared set to guide the team to victory when he was run out. What strategies can be used to maximize the impact of a press release? They were the parents of at least 2 . I thought to myself, 'Ian, did you just ask Bradman to fill your wallet with money?' [4] The revelation came too late for this particular match, but was to have immense significance in the next Ashes series. He died on 25 February 2001, at the age of 92. [131] On the eve of the Fifth Test, he announced that the match would be his last in Australia, although he would tour England as a farewell. The couple married at St Paul's Anglican Church at Burwood, Sydney on 30 April 1932. With an unbelievably high career Test batting average of 99.94, he figures among the greatest sportsmen to have played any major sport. Bradman coeceu a Jessie Martha Menzies en 1920 cando ela se hospedou coa familia Bradman para estar mis preto da escola en Bowral. Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. Jessie Martha Bradman (born Menzies) was born on month day 1909, at birth place, to James Menzies and Lily Elizabeth Menzies (born Kell). 25th Satellite Awards - Wikipedia During this phase of his career, his youth and natural fitness allowed him to adopt a "machine-like" approach to batting. Feb 23, 1936. Read more aboutBalen Shah,KSI, andWendy Credle. Miss Mavis Davidson gave a humorous reclta, Nov 26 1931 - Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4][16] In the competition final against Moss Vale, which extended over five consecutive Saturdays, Bradman scored 320 not out. When Nelson Mandela was released after 27years in prison, his first question to an Australian visitor was, "Is Sir Donald Bradman still alive? Bradman guessed that the ball was going to be bounced high, so he moved to one side and swung the bat so he could score a boundary. He was posted to the Army School of Physical Training and the physical stress of this job affected his health severely, causing him to be invalided out of service in 1941. Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. Matt Keough Dies: All-Star Pitcher, Baseball Executive, And Real Housewives dies at 64. [71] He went on to make 140, with the last 90runs coming in just 45minutes. [144][145][146] Bradman inaugurated a "Bradman Stand" at the Sydney Cricket Ground in January 1974;[147] the Adelaide Oval also opened a Bradman Stand in 1990. [140] The following year he published a memoir, Farewell to Cricket. Sir Donald Bradman: The 'Don' of Cricket World - Hindustan Times They asked Bradman to leave his teammates and attend official receptions they organised in Adelaide, Melbourne, Goulburn, his hometown Bowral and Sydney, where he received a brand new custom-built Chevrolet. His son stated that Don would not have approved. Lady Bradman died in 1997, aged 88, from cancer. No. [106] Bradman totalled 21first-class centuries in 34innings, from the beginning of the 1938 tour of England (including preliminary games in Australia) until early 1939. Abstract The modern civilization is the antithesis of religious way of life. [176], Bradman's life and achievements were recognised in Australia with two notable issues. Donald Bradman - Trivia, Family, Bio | Famous Birthdays 76. He married Emily Whatman (1871-1944) 16 December 1893 in Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia. He has also written several books: How to Play Cricket,Farewell to Cricket,The Art of Cricket,Bradman: The Don Declares,Bradmans Best. her death in 1983! [72] Listed to bat at number five, Bradman would start his innings the next day. GREAT NEWS! Talking about his family life, Sir Don Bradman got married to Jessie Martha Menzies in 1932, who he first met in 1920. Boston 1775: Call for Papers on "Empire and Its Discontent" English vernost 2019 Subtitles Download. He played Test cricket for 20 years and retired in 1948. [6] Given the rank of Lieutenant, he was posted to the Army School of Physical Training at Frankston, Victoria, to act as a divisional supervisor of physical training. He invented his own solo cricket game, using a cricket stump for a bat, and a golf ball. Bradman also gained a degree in Mathematics from the University of Victoria achieving the highest mark in his year. You can't save others from themselves because those who make a perpetual muddle of their lives don't appreciate your interfering with the drama they've created. [156] During the first, he dealt with the growing prevalence of illegal bowling actions in the game, a problem that he adjudged "the most complex I have known in cricket, because it is not a matter of fact but of opinion". [186], Bradman's reclusiveness in later life is partly attributable to the on-going health problems of his wife, particularly following the open-heart surgery Jessie underwent in her 60s. According to Bradman,"Without Jessie, I would never have achieved what I achieved". Jessie was born on June 11 1909, in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia. The world has been led by intensive and extensive waves of darkness from renaissance all the way down to the Covid crisis. From the collection of the State Library of South Australia. 3 tons to acre. The Australians travelled to Sheffield and played a warm up game before the Fourth Test. [149] Lady Bradman died in 1997, aged 88, from cancer. [5] Bradman said on many occasions how important his wife was, once saying "I would never have achieved what I achieved without Jessie". Second to Vocal Coach, and Braodway producer Herbert First to Actor Aaron Jessie Bradman passed in 1997. [141] Bradman accepted offers from the Daily Mail to travel with, and write about, the 1953 and 1956 Australian teams in England. After his fathers death in 2001, he becamethe spokesperson for the family and began to defend the Bradman legacy. She died on September 14, 1997 in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Jessie Martha Menzies (1932/04/30 - 1997/09/15) Children. Each of the 100 members of the panel were able to select five cricketers: all 100 voted for Bradman. Donald Bradman - Family Life login . Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 25 February 2001), often referred to as The Don, was an Australian cricketer, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time. 4:36. Australia won both matches by an innings. Indeed at one period he created the impression that, to some extent, he had lost control of himself and went in to bat with an almost complete disregard for anything in the shape of a defensive stroke. I seemed to sense that the ball would be a short-pitched one on the leg-stump, and I could almost feel myself getting ready to make my shot before the ball was delivered. Lady Jessie Bradman played a pivotal role in their upbringing. Yes, Carolyn Jones married to Don Donaldson in 1950 No, the Williams sisters", http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/sep/16/comment.news1, "Sir Donald Bradman, 92, Cricket Legend, Dies", http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E2DC1638F934A15751C0A9679C8B63, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,101355,00.html, http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/almanack/index.html, Some images of Don Bradman, including some showing Don Bradman's batting technique, Australia national cricket team selectors, Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees, Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods, Infectious disease deaths in South Australia, International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees, Highest career batting average (minimum 20 innings):99.94, Highest series batting average (5Test series):201.50 (193132), Highest ratio of centuries per innings played:36.25% (29centuries from 80innings), Highest 5th wicket partnership:405 (with Sid Barnes, 194647), Highest 6th wicket partnership:346 (with Jack Fingleton, 193637), Highest score by a number5 batsman:304 (1934), Highest score by a number7 batsman:270 (193637), Most runs against one opponent:5,028 (v England), Most centuries scored in a single session of play:6 (1pre lunch, 2lunch-tea, 3tea-stumps), Most double centuries in a series:3 (1930), Most consecutive matches in which he made a century:6 (the last three Tests in 193637, and the first three Tests in 1938). When he left cricket, he got a successful and beautiful career in the finance industry. [10], Bradman practised batting incessantly during his youth. Make sure that the file is a photo. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? May 2 1932 - Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, thusiastic admirers on the occasion of his marriage to Miss, May 7 1932 - Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, May 2 1932 - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, night, April 30, at St. Paul's Church, Burwood, Sydney, to Miss, May 11 1932 - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Nov 19 1931 - Hillston, New South Wales, Australia. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. [73] In the event, Bradman batted all of the second day and into the third, putting on a world record partnership of 388 with Bill Ponsford. Australia, scheduled to make a tour of South Africa at the end of the year, needed to replace the retired Bill Woodfull as captain. Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family, to be closer to school in Bowral. [184] His family name proved a burden for John Bradman; he changed his last name to Bradsen by deed poll in 1972. [19] In the final match of the season, he made his first century at the SCG, against the Sheffield Shield champions Victoria. As of June 2014, Don Omar's net worth is an estimated 22.5 Jack Fingleton (Australian batsman) thought that this tour changed Bradman's way of batting for the rest of his career. Hospitalised with pneumonia in December 2000, he returned home in the New Year and died there on 25 February 2001, aged 92. In the 1963 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, Bradman was selected by Neville Cardus as one the Six Giants of the Wisden Century. [94] Grimmett was overlooked, but Jack Fingleton made the team, so the clique of anti-Bradman players remained. He favoured "horizontal-bat" shots (such as the hook, pull and cut) to deal with the bounce and devised a unique grip on the bat handle that would accommodate these strokes without compromising his ability to defend. Bradman started slowly and then, "the old Bradman [was] back with us, in the twinkling of an eye, almost". India cricket legend MS Dhoni announced his retirement from international competition on Saturday, marking the top to his 16-year career with the India National Team. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. Maintaining his glorious form he hit two centuries, one each in each of the innings in the third test. [99], The euphoria of securing the Ashes preceded Australia's heaviest defeat. In all, Bradman scored 974runs at an average of 139.14 during the Test series, with four centuries, including two double hundreds and a triple. [43] Bradman's first-class tally, 2,960runs (at an average of 98.66 with 10centuries), was another enduring record: the most by any overseas batsman on a tour of England. The Australian government awarded him the Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "in recognition of service to the sport of cricket and cricket administration" in 1979. England declared on the last morning of the game, setting Australia a world record 404 runs to win in only 345minutes on a heavily worn wicket. Cite this record . This site uses cookies to serve you better. They tied their knots in 1932 at Burwood. Mindful of Bradman's big scores for Bowral, the association wrote to him, requesting his attendance at a practice session in Sydney. His primary income source is his profession. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? The ploy worked and Bradman went in at number seven. In terms of runs scored, this performance was soon surpassed. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. It was not usual to have so many fast bowlers in one team, so Bradman knew that England were about to try something new. Charles Williams commented that, "[b]usiness was excluded on medical grounds, [so] the only sensible alternative was a career in the administration of the game which he loved and to which he had given most of his active life". The t-shirt is to protect him from a million chest hairs being tugged. Remove advertising from a memorial by sponsoring it for just $5. Babar Azam is a famous right-handed Pakistani international cricketer. On 28 June 1940, during the Second World War, Bradman joined the . Bill O'Reilly and Bert Ironmonger bowled Australia to a series-levelling victory amid hopes that Bodyline was beaten. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Talking about his body measurement, he stands at a height of 5.6 feet tall and has 80 kg weight on his body. [233] The top performers in his selected sports are:[234], The statistics show that "no other athlete dominates an international sport to the extent that Bradman does cricket". After he died, his organization, Bradman Foundation, which had a license for his name, sold it to a biscuit company, Unibic. [185] After the cricketer's death, a collection of personal letters written by Bradman to his close friend Rohan Rivett between 1953 and 1977 was released and gave researchers new insights into Bradman's family life, including the strain between father and son. [13], Bradman had other problems to deal with at this time; among these were bouts of illness from an undiagnosed malaise which had begun during the tour of North America,[56] and that the Australian Board of Control had initially refused permission for him to write a column for the Sydney Sun. Another loss followed in the Fourth Test. Biographical Summaries of Notable People . "I shall never be satisfied", he told his father, "until I play on this ground". [8] and their third child (Shirley, born 1941) had cerebral palsy since birth. Donald George Bradman (1908-2001) | Familypedia | Fandom Weve updated the security on the site. He seems to live for the exuberance of the moment. An approaching storm threatened to wash the game out, but the poor weather held off and Australia managed to secure the win, a victory that retained the Ashes. "It was all the more obvious that, on any analysis, the only figure of stature who could lead Australia back into the post-War cricket era was 'the little feller', the 'sick man of Adelaide', the wartime invalid now nearing forty. The Life Summary of Donald George. Familypedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. He had a strained relationship with his son John Bradman, who changed his last name to Bradsen in 1972. Australia; Profession. [44], On the tour, the dynamic nature of Bradman's batting contrasted sharply with his quiet, solitary off-field demeanour. Shirley Bradman, born in 1941, was born with cerebral palsy. Jack Fingleton was in no doubt that Bradman's game altered irrevocably as a consequence of Bodyline, writing:[64]. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."[46]. Family tree by Don OUTRAM (donoutram) - Geneanet Often, especially at the start of the innings, he played where the ball wasn't, and spectators rubbed their eyes. His batting redefined the game of cricket and his brilliance confounded. [47] However, he scored quickly in a very successful sequence of innings against the South Africans in the Australian summer of 193132. Jessie Martha Menzies (1909-1997) FamilySearch [205] Bradman recorded several songs accompanying himself and others on piano in the early 1930s, including "Every Day Is A Rainbow Day For Me". Pics and videos have currently reached viral, Will Smith Oscars wont let the emotional baggage of the Slap hold him from this years Oscars race? [5] Following an enforced hiatus, due to the Second World War, he made a dramatic comeback, captaining an Australian team known as "The Invincibles" on a record-breaking unbeaten tour of England. On that day, he expressed his wish to his father, I shall never be satisfied until I play on this ground.. Their first child died young in 1936. Jessie Martha Menzies: Brother: John Bradman: 1939: Spotted an error? Seemingly restored to full health, Bradman blazed two centuries in the last two games of the tour. Jessie died Lady Jessie Martha Menzies died from cancer at the age 88. Don Bradman was the youngest Australian to hit a century, Don Bradman (second from the right, middle row) with the 1930 team, Bradman with his Wm. Moreover, this beautiful pair is blessed with three children, named John Bradman and Shirley Bradman. Bodyline was specially prepared, nurtured for and expended on him and, in consequence, his technique underwent a change quicker than might have been the case with the passage of time. He married his school sweetheart Jessie Martha Menzies in 1932 at Burwood. Add to your scrapbook. Her death in 1997 affected. He played Test cricket for 20 years and retired in [6] Bradman spent a lot of his free time alone, writing, as he had sold the rights to a book. [135], In the final Test at The Oval, Bradman walked out to bat in Australia's first innings. A Melbourne journalist, Geoffrey Tebbutt wrote that Bradman did not even offer a round of drinks to his teammates. Read more [191], Bradman's early development was shaped by the high bounce of the ball on matting-over-concrete pitches. A stump is considerably narrower than a bat; the diameter of a golf ball is similarly smaller than that of a cricket ball. Share your comments about this record. [94], In the First Test, England amassed a big first innings score and looked likely to win, but Stan McCabe made 232 for Australia, a performance Bradman rated as the best he had ever seen. [201] Bradman himself wrote four books: Don Bradman's BookThe Story of My Cricketing Life with Hints on Batting, Bowling and Fielding (1930), My Cricketing Life (1938), Farewell to Cricket (1950) and The Art of Cricket (1958). Szobrot . This average was cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport, derived from the research done by a statistician named Charles Davis. With good bowling from Australian bowlers Bill O'Reilly and Bert Ironmonger, this score helped Australia win the second match. He has four siblings whereas he has three sisters and one brother. Additionally, his real name is Donald George Bradman. In the Tests, he scored a century at Nottingham, but the performance most like his pre-war exploits came in the Fourth Test at Leeds. He left school in 1922 and started working for a local real estate agent. After the cricketer's death, a collection of personal letters written by Bradman to his close friend Rohan Rivett between 1953 and 1977 was released and gave researchers new insights into Bradman's family life, including the strain between father and son. He settled on the Nottinghamshire fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce as the spearheads for his tactics. [22] Following scores of 18 and 1, the selectors dropped Bradman to twelfth man for the Second Test. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. A story developed over the years that claimed Bradman missed the ball because of tears in his eyes, a claim Bradman denied for the rest of his life. The outbreak of World War Two led to the indefinite postponement of all cricket tours, and the suspension of the Sheffield Shield competition. [150] He gave the keynote speech at the historic Centenary Test at Melbourne in 1977.[151]. This is a truth I never seem to learn. These virtues are totally compatible with pride, ambition, and competitiveness. (PDF) The world on the verge of the third wave | kedir - academia.edu Due to his great performance, Bradman was called up by New South Wales Cricket Association on 5 October 1926. All the images that appear on this website are copyrighted to their respective owners and smartbiography.com claims no credit for them unless otherwise noted.